Sore Nipples/Painful Breasts/Mammary Tissue
ABM The Mastitis Spectrum Protocol #36
Laurel's Updated Handout:
Click here
Great Resources:
Milk Minute Podcast #129 and #130
References to Review:
bou-Dakn, M., Fluhr, J. W., Gensch, M., & Wockel, A. (2011). Positive effect of HPA lanolin versus expressed breastmilk on painful and damaged nipples during lactation. Skin Pharmacology and Physiology, 24, 27–35.
Ahn, Sukhee, et al. Effects of Breast Massage on Breast Pain, Breast-milk Sodium, and Newborn Suckling in Early Postpartum Mothers. J Korean Acad Nurs. 2011 Aug;41(4):451-459.
Allerberger, F. & Wager, M. 2010. Listeriosis: a resurgent foodborne infection. Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, 16, 16-23.
Anderson, J. E., Held, N., & Wright, K. (2004). Raynaud’s phenomenon of the nipple: A treatable cause of painful breastfeeding. Pediatrics, 113, e360–e364.
Asadi, N., & Kariman, N. (2018). Herbal prevention and treatment of nipple trauma and/or pain in Iranian studies: a systematic review. Journal of Herbmed Pharmacology, 7(3).
Atchan M., Foureur M. & Davis D. (2011) The decision not to initiate breastfeeding-women's reasons, attitudes and influencing factors-a review of the literature. Breastfeeding Review 19(2), 9.
Bahar, et al. A Comparative Study of the Effects of Mint Tea Bag, Mint Cream, and Breast Milk on the Treatment of Cracked Nipple in the Lactation Period: A Randomized Clinical Trial Study. Iranian Journal of Neonatology. 2018 Dec: 9(4). DOI: 10.22038/ijn.2018.30078.1409
Benedek B, Kopp B, Melzig MF. Achillea millefolium L. s.l. -- is the anti-inflammatory activity mediated by protease inhibition? J Ethnopharmacol 2007;113:312-7.
Berens, Pamela, and Wendy Brodribb. "ABM Clinical Protocol# 20: Engorgement, Revised 2016." Breastfeeding Medicine 11.4 (2016): 159-163.
Berens, Pamela, et al. "ABM Clinical Protocol# 26: Persistent pain with breastfeeding." Breastfeeding Medicine 11.2 (2016): 46-53.
Blair, A., Cadwell, K., Turner-Maffei, C., & Brimdyr, K. (2003). The relationship between positioning, the breastfeeding dynamic, the latching process and pain in breastfeeding mothers with sore nipples. Breastfeeding Review, 11, 5–10.
Bolman, Maya et al. Recapturing the Art of Therapeutic Breast Massage During Breastfeeding. Journal of Human Lactation. August 2013. 29(3). Pp 328-331.
Bolourian, M., Dadgar, H., Aqadousti, R., FiroozBakht, M., Khakpour, M., Rokni, A., ... & Ghahremani, S. (2020). The Effect of Peppermint on the Treatment of Nipple Fissure during Breastfeeding: A Systematic Review. International Journal of Pediatrics, 11527-11535.
Brent N, Rudy SJ, Redd B, Rudy TE, Roth LA. Sore nipples in breast-feeding women: a clinical trial of wound dressings vs conven-tional care. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. Nov;152(11):1077-82. 1998.
Buck, Miranda L; Eckereder, Gabi and Amir, Lisa H. Low level laser therapy for breastfeeding problems [online]. Breastfeeding Review, Vol. 24, No. 2, Jul 2016: 27-31. Availability: <http://search.informit.com.au/documentSummary;dn=2... ISSN: 0729-2759.
Buryk, M., Bloom, D., & Shope, T. (2011). Efficacy of neonatal release of ankyloglossia: A randomized trial. Pediatrics, 128, 280–288.
Cadwell K, Turner-Maffei C, Blair A, Brimdyr K, Maja McInerney Z. Pain reduction and treatment of sore nipples in nursing mothers. J Perinat Educ. Winter;13(1):29-35. 2004.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Listeriosis. Available from: www.cdc.gov/listeria/index.html. Accessed 9/3/2019.
Chapman, Donna. Evaluating the Evidence: Is There an Effective Treatment for Breast Engorgement. Journal of Human Lactation. February 2011. 27(1). Pp. 82-83.
Chiu, Jin-Yu et al. Effects of Gua-Sha Therapy on Breast Engorgement: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Journal of Nursing Research. March 2010. 18(1). Pp 1-10.
Coca, K. P., Amir, L. H., Alves, M. D. R. D. S., Barbieri, M., Marcacine, K. O., & de Vilhena Abrão, A. C. F. (2019). Measurement tools and intensity of nipple pain among women with or without damaged nipples: A quantitative systematic review. Journal of advanced nursing, 75(6), 1162-1172.
Coca, Kelly Pereira, et al. "Efficacy of Low-Level Laser Therapy in Relieving Nipple Pain in Breastfeeding Women: A Triple-Blind, Randomized, Controlled Trial." Pain Management Nursing 17.4 (2016): 281-289.
Darmangeat, V. (2011). The frequency and resolution of nipple pain when latch is improved in a private practice. Clinical Lactation, 2(3), 22–24.
Dennis CL, Jackson K, Watson J. Interventions for treating painful nipples among breastfeeding women. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. Dec 15;(12). 2014.
Dennis CL, Schottle N, Hodnett E, McQueen K. An all-purpose nipple ointment versus lanolin in treating painful damaged nipples in breastfeeding women: a randomized controlled trial. Breastfeed Med. Dec;7(6):473-9. 2012.
Dodd V, Chalmers C. Comparing the use of hydrogel dressings to lanolin ointment with lactating mothers. J Obstet Gynecol Neonatal Nurs. Jul-Aug;32(4):486-94. 2003.
Firouzabadi, M., Pourramezani, N., & Balvardi, M. (2020). Comparing the effects of yarrow, honey, and breast milk for healing nipple fissure. Iranian Journal of Nursing and Midwifery Research, 25(4), 282.
Harrison D, Reszel J, Bueno M, Sampson M, Shah VS, Taddio A, Larocque C, Turner L. Breastfeeding for procedural pain in infants beyond the neonatal period. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. Oct 28;10. 2016.
Jackson, Kimberley T., and Cindy‐Lee Dennis. "Lanolin for the treatment of nipple pain in breastfeeding women: a randomized controlled trial." Maternal & child nutrition (2016).
Kaski, K., & Kvist, L. J. (2018). Deep breast pain during lactation: a case-control study in Sweden investigating the role of Candida albicans. International breastfeeding journal, 13(1), 21.
Ketsuwan, S., Baiya, N., Paritakul, P., Laosooksathit, W., & Puapornpong, P. (2018). Effect of herbal compresses for maternal breast engorgement at postpartum: a randomized controlled trial. Breastfeeding Medicine, 13(5), 361-365.
Khosravan, Shahla, et al. "The effect of Hollyhock (Althaea officinalis L) leaf compresses combined with warm and cold compress on breast engorgement in lactating women: A randomized clinical trial." Journal of evidence-based complementary & alternative medicine 22.1 (2017): 25-30.
Kronborg H., Harder I. & Hall E.O. (2015) First time mothers' experiences of breastfeeding their newborn. Sexual & Reproductive Healthcare6(2), 82–87.
Li R., Fein S.B., Chen J. & Grummer-Strawn L.M. (2008) Why mothers stop breastfeeding: mothers' self reported reasons for stopping during the first year. Pediatrics 122(2), 69–76.
Mangesi, Lindeka, and Irena Zakarija‐Grkovic. "Treatments for breast engorgement during lactation." The Cochrane Library (2016).
Marrazzu, M.G. Sanna, F. Dessole, G. Capobianco, M.D. Piga, S. Dessole. Evaluation of the effectiveness of a silver-impregnated medical cap for topical treatment of nipple fissure of breastfeeding mothers, Breastfeed- ing medicine. The official journal of the Academy of Breastfeeding Medicine. 2015;232-8.
McClellen, Holly et al. Nipple Pain During Breastfeeding with or without Visible Trauma. Journal of Human Lactation. 2012; 28(4), pp 511-521.
Melli MS, et al. A randomized trial of peppermint gel, lanolin ointment, and placebo gel to prevent nipple crack in primiparous breastfeeding women. Medical Science Monitor, 13:9, CR406-CR411, 2007.
Merckoll, P., Jonassen, T. Ø., Vad, M. E., Jeansson, S. L., & Melby, K. K. (2009). Bacteria, biofilm and honey: a study of the effects of honey on ‘planktonic’and biofilm-embedded chronic wound bacteria. Scandinavian journal of infectious diseases, 41(5), 341-347.
Mitchell, K. B., Johnson, H. M., Rodríguez, J. M., Eglash, A., Scherzinger, C., Zakarija-Grkovic, I., ... & Academy of Breastfeeding Medicine. (2022). Academy of Breastfeeding Medicine Clinical Protocol# 36: The Mastitis Spectrum, Revised 2022. Breastfeeding Medicine, 17(5), 360-376. Chicago
Mohammadzadeh, A., Farhat, A., & Esmaeily, H. (2005). The effect of breast milk and lanolin on sore nipples. Saudi Medical Journal, 26, 1231–1234.
Morland-Schultz K, Hill PD. Prevention of and therapies for nipple pain: a systematic review. J Obstet Gynecol Neonatal Nurs. July – Aug 2005; 34(4): 428-37.
Murimi, M., Dodge, C. M., Pope, J., & Erickson, D. (2010). Factors that influence breastfeeding decisions among Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children participants from central Louisiana. Journal of the American Dietetic Association, 110, 624–627.
Naser, E. G., Nour, S. A., Gonied, A. S., & Shaban, R. E. (2017). Effect of Peppermint Water Versus Expressed Breast Milk on Nipple Trauma among Lactating Primiparous. Zagazig Nursing Journal, 13(1), 227-243.
Nayeri, S. D., Kheirkhah, M., & Janani, L. (2019). THE EFFECT OF CHAMOMILE OINTMENT ON THE HEALING OF BREASTFEEDING MOTHERS’NIPPLE SORE-A RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED CLINICAL TRIAL. Journal of Evolution of Medical and Dental Sciences, 8(17), 1399-1405.
Neto, C. M., de Albuquerque, R. S., de Souza, S. C., Giesta, R. O., Fernandes, A. P. S., & Mondin, B. (2018). Comparative study of the use of HPA lanolin and breast milk for treating pain associated with nipple trauma. Revista Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia/RBGO Gynecology and Obstetrics, 40(11), 664-672.
Neto, C., Albuquerque, R. S. D., Souza, S. C. D., Giesta, R. O., Fernandes, A. P. S., & Mondin, B. (2018). Comparative study of the use of HPA Lanolin and breast milk for treating pain associated with nipple trauma. Revista Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia, 40(11), 664-672.
Niazi, A., Rahimi, V. B., Soheili-Far, S., Askari, N., Rahmanian-Devin, P., Sanei-Far, Z., ... & Askari, V. R. (2018). A systematic review on prevention and treatment of nipple pain and fissure: are they curable?. Journal of pharmacopuncture, 21(3), 139.
Niazi, A., Yousefzadeh, S., Rakhshandeh, H., & Esmaeily, H. (2019). The Effect of nipple soreness treatment with Purslane Cream and Lanolin on Frequency and duration of Breastfeeding in nursing mothers: A Randomized Clinical Trial. Journal of Midwifery and Reproductive Health, 7(1), 1527-1535.
Oliveira, F. S., Vieira, F., Cecilio, J. O., Guimarães, J. V., & Campbell, S. H. (2020). The effectiveness on health education to prevent nipple trauma from breastfeeding: a systematic review. Revista Brasileira de Saúde Materno Infantil, 20(2), 333-345.
O’Sullivan, S., & Keith, M. P. (2011). Raynaud phenomenon of the nipple: A rare finding in rheumatology clinic. Journal of Clinical Rheumatology, 17, 371–372.
Page, Tamara et al. The Management of Nipple Pain and/or Trauma Associated with Breastfeeding. Joanna Briggs Institute; Best Practice. 2009; 13940:1-4.
Pezeshki, B., Pouredalati, M., Zolala, S., Moeindarbary, S., Kazemi, K., Rakhsha, M., ... & Razmjouei, P. (2020). Comparison of the Effect of Aloe Vera Extract, Breast Milk, Calendit-E, Curcumin, Lanolin, Olive Oil, and Purslane on Healing of Breast Fissure in Lactating Mothers: A Systematic Reviwe. International Journal of Pediatrics, 8(2), 10853-10863.
Roshan N, Rippers T, Locher C, Hammer KA. Antibacterial activity and chemical characteristics of several Western Australian honeys compared to manuka honey and pasture honey. Arch Microbiol. Oct 26. 2016.
Shanazi M, Farshbaf Khalili A, Kamalifard M, Asghari Jafarabadi M, Masoudin K, Esmaeli F. Comparison of the Effects of Lanolin, Peppermint, and Dexpanthenol Creams on Treatment of Traumatic Nipples in Breastfeeding Mothers. J Caring Sci. Dec 1;4(4):297- 307. 2015.
Sankanagoudar, Poomima et al. Effect of Therapeutic Non-Thermal Ultrasound on Postpartum Symptomatic Breast Engorgement. Indian Journal of Physiotherapy and Occupational Therapy. 2011. 5(2). Pp 108-113.
Sasaki, B. C., Pinkerton, K., & Leipelt, A. (2014). Does Lanolin Use Increase the Risk for Infection in Breastfeeding Women?. Clinical Lactation, 5(1), 28-32.
Sayyah Melli M, Rashidi MR, Delazar A, Madarek E, Kargar Maher MH, Ghasemzadeh A, Sadaghat K, Tahmasebi Z. E ect of peppermint water on prevention of nipple cracks in lactating primiparous women: a randomized controlled trial. Int Breastfeed J. Apr 19;2:7. 2007.
Shahrahmani, N. et al. The Effect of Zizyphus Jujube Fruit Lotion on Breast Fissure in Breastfeeding Women. Iranian Journal of Pharmaceutical Research (2018), 17 (Special Issue): 101-109.
Thabet, H. A., Mourad, M. A., Alahadal, A. M., Alsenany, S., & Alsaif, A. (2013). Prevention of nipple cracks with peppermint water versus breast milk in lactating primiparous women. Life Science Journal, 10(4).
Walker, Marsha. Are There Any Cures for Sore Nipples? Clinical Lactation, 4(3), pp. 106-115, 2013.
Watson Genna, C. (2013). Supporting sucking skills in breastfeeding infants. Burlington, MA: Jones & Bartlett Learning.
Witt, Ann M., et al. "Therapeutic breast massage in lactation for the management of engorgement, plugged ducts, and mastitis." Journal of Human Lactation 32.1 (2016): 123-131.
Wong, BB et al. The effectiveness of cabbage leaf application (treatment) on pain and hardness in breast engorgement and its effect on the duration of breastfeeding. Joanna Briggs Institute. 2012. 10(20).
Wu, M., Chason, R., & Wong, M. (2012). Raynaud’s phenomenon of the nipple. Obstetrics and Gynecology, 119, 447–449.
Xiao, L., Lingfen, X. U., Guodong, F. U., Chen, S., Wen, C., Qin, H., ... & Liu, S. (2018). Evidence-based nursing of cabbage leaves treatment for postpartum women with breast engorgement. Chinese Journal of Practical Nursing, 34(31), 2430-2435.
Zanardo V, Giarrizzo D, Maiolo L, Straface G. Efficacy of topical application of emu oil on areola skin barrier in breastfeeding women. Journal of Evidence-Based Complementary & Alternative Medicine 2015.
Zakarija-Grkovic, I., & Stewart, F. (2020). Treatments for breast engorgement during lactation. Cochrane Database of Systematic Review
Zhou, Yingfeng. Prevention of Breast Engorgement Among Postpartum Women in an Obstetric and Gynecological Hospital: A Best Practice Implementation Project. Joanna Briggs Institute. 2013. 11(6).
Zhao, Chungying et al. Six-Step Recanalization Manual Therapy: A Novel Method for Treating Plugged Ducts in Lactating Women. Journal of Human Lactation. 2014, 30(3), pp 324-330.
Laurel's Updated Handout:
Click here
Great Resources:
Milk Minute Podcast #129 and #130
References to Review:
bou-Dakn, M., Fluhr, J. W., Gensch, M., & Wockel, A. (2011). Positive effect of HPA lanolin versus expressed breastmilk on painful and damaged nipples during lactation. Skin Pharmacology and Physiology, 24, 27–35.
Ahn, Sukhee, et al. Effects of Breast Massage on Breast Pain, Breast-milk Sodium, and Newborn Suckling in Early Postpartum Mothers. J Korean Acad Nurs. 2011 Aug;41(4):451-459.
Allerberger, F. & Wager, M. 2010. Listeriosis: a resurgent foodborne infection. Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, 16, 16-23.
Anderson, J. E., Held, N., & Wright, K. (2004). Raynaud’s phenomenon of the nipple: A treatable cause of painful breastfeeding. Pediatrics, 113, e360–e364.
Asadi, N., & Kariman, N. (2018). Herbal prevention and treatment of nipple trauma and/or pain in Iranian studies: a systematic review. Journal of Herbmed Pharmacology, 7(3).
Atchan M., Foureur M. & Davis D. (2011) The decision not to initiate breastfeeding-women's reasons, attitudes and influencing factors-a review of the literature. Breastfeeding Review 19(2), 9.
Bahar, et al. A Comparative Study of the Effects of Mint Tea Bag, Mint Cream, and Breast Milk on the Treatment of Cracked Nipple in the Lactation Period: A Randomized Clinical Trial Study. Iranian Journal of Neonatology. 2018 Dec: 9(4). DOI: 10.22038/ijn.2018.30078.1409
Benedek B, Kopp B, Melzig MF. Achillea millefolium L. s.l. -- is the anti-inflammatory activity mediated by protease inhibition? J Ethnopharmacol 2007;113:312-7.
Berens, Pamela, and Wendy Brodribb. "ABM Clinical Protocol# 20: Engorgement, Revised 2016." Breastfeeding Medicine 11.4 (2016): 159-163.
Berens, Pamela, et al. "ABM Clinical Protocol# 26: Persistent pain with breastfeeding." Breastfeeding Medicine 11.2 (2016): 46-53.
Blair, A., Cadwell, K., Turner-Maffei, C., & Brimdyr, K. (2003). The relationship between positioning, the breastfeeding dynamic, the latching process and pain in breastfeeding mothers with sore nipples. Breastfeeding Review, 11, 5–10.
Bolman, Maya et al. Recapturing the Art of Therapeutic Breast Massage During Breastfeeding. Journal of Human Lactation. August 2013. 29(3). Pp 328-331.
Bolourian, M., Dadgar, H., Aqadousti, R., FiroozBakht, M., Khakpour, M., Rokni, A., ... & Ghahremani, S. (2020). The Effect of Peppermint on the Treatment of Nipple Fissure during Breastfeeding: A Systematic Review. International Journal of Pediatrics, 11527-11535.
Brent N, Rudy SJ, Redd B, Rudy TE, Roth LA. Sore nipples in breast-feeding women: a clinical trial of wound dressings vs conven-tional care. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. Nov;152(11):1077-82. 1998.
Buck, Miranda L; Eckereder, Gabi and Amir, Lisa H. Low level laser therapy for breastfeeding problems [online]. Breastfeeding Review, Vol. 24, No. 2, Jul 2016: 27-31. Availability: <http://search.informit.com.au/documentSummary;dn=2... ISSN: 0729-2759.
Buryk, M., Bloom, D., & Shope, T. (2011). Efficacy of neonatal release of ankyloglossia: A randomized trial. Pediatrics, 128, 280–288.
Cadwell K, Turner-Maffei C, Blair A, Brimdyr K, Maja McInerney Z. Pain reduction and treatment of sore nipples in nursing mothers. J Perinat Educ. Winter;13(1):29-35. 2004.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Listeriosis. Available from: www.cdc.gov/listeria/index.html. Accessed 9/3/2019.
Chapman, Donna. Evaluating the Evidence: Is There an Effective Treatment for Breast Engorgement. Journal of Human Lactation. February 2011. 27(1). Pp. 82-83.
Chiu, Jin-Yu et al. Effects of Gua-Sha Therapy on Breast Engorgement: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Journal of Nursing Research. March 2010. 18(1). Pp 1-10.
Coca, K. P., Amir, L. H., Alves, M. D. R. D. S., Barbieri, M., Marcacine, K. O., & de Vilhena Abrão, A. C. F. (2019). Measurement tools and intensity of nipple pain among women with or without damaged nipples: A quantitative systematic review. Journal of advanced nursing, 75(6), 1162-1172.
Coca, Kelly Pereira, et al. "Efficacy of Low-Level Laser Therapy in Relieving Nipple Pain in Breastfeeding Women: A Triple-Blind, Randomized, Controlled Trial." Pain Management Nursing 17.4 (2016): 281-289.
Darmangeat, V. (2011). The frequency and resolution of nipple pain when latch is improved in a private practice. Clinical Lactation, 2(3), 22–24.
Dennis CL, Jackson K, Watson J. Interventions for treating painful nipples among breastfeeding women. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. Dec 15;(12). 2014.
Dennis CL, Schottle N, Hodnett E, McQueen K. An all-purpose nipple ointment versus lanolin in treating painful damaged nipples in breastfeeding women: a randomized controlled trial. Breastfeed Med. Dec;7(6):473-9. 2012.
Dodd V, Chalmers C. Comparing the use of hydrogel dressings to lanolin ointment with lactating mothers. J Obstet Gynecol Neonatal Nurs. Jul-Aug;32(4):486-94. 2003.
Firouzabadi, M., Pourramezani, N., & Balvardi, M. (2020). Comparing the effects of yarrow, honey, and breast milk for healing nipple fissure. Iranian Journal of Nursing and Midwifery Research, 25(4), 282.
Harrison D, Reszel J, Bueno M, Sampson M, Shah VS, Taddio A, Larocque C, Turner L. Breastfeeding for procedural pain in infants beyond the neonatal period. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. Oct 28;10. 2016.
Jackson, Kimberley T., and Cindy‐Lee Dennis. "Lanolin for the treatment of nipple pain in breastfeeding women: a randomized controlled trial." Maternal & child nutrition (2016).
Kaski, K., & Kvist, L. J. (2018). Deep breast pain during lactation: a case-control study in Sweden investigating the role of Candida albicans. International breastfeeding journal, 13(1), 21.
Ketsuwan, S., Baiya, N., Paritakul, P., Laosooksathit, W., & Puapornpong, P. (2018). Effect of herbal compresses for maternal breast engorgement at postpartum: a randomized controlled trial. Breastfeeding Medicine, 13(5), 361-365.
Khosravan, Shahla, et al. "The effect of Hollyhock (Althaea officinalis L) leaf compresses combined with warm and cold compress on breast engorgement in lactating women: A randomized clinical trial." Journal of evidence-based complementary & alternative medicine 22.1 (2017): 25-30.
Kronborg H., Harder I. & Hall E.O. (2015) First time mothers' experiences of breastfeeding their newborn. Sexual & Reproductive Healthcare6(2), 82–87.
Li R., Fein S.B., Chen J. & Grummer-Strawn L.M. (2008) Why mothers stop breastfeeding: mothers' self reported reasons for stopping during the first year. Pediatrics 122(2), 69–76.
Mangesi, Lindeka, and Irena Zakarija‐Grkovic. "Treatments for breast engorgement during lactation." The Cochrane Library (2016).
Marrazzu, M.G. Sanna, F. Dessole, G. Capobianco, M.D. Piga, S. Dessole. Evaluation of the effectiveness of a silver-impregnated medical cap for topical treatment of nipple fissure of breastfeeding mothers, Breastfeed- ing medicine. The official journal of the Academy of Breastfeeding Medicine. 2015;232-8.
McClellen, Holly et al. Nipple Pain During Breastfeeding with or without Visible Trauma. Journal of Human Lactation. 2012; 28(4), pp 511-521.
Melli MS, et al. A randomized trial of peppermint gel, lanolin ointment, and placebo gel to prevent nipple crack in primiparous breastfeeding women. Medical Science Monitor, 13:9, CR406-CR411, 2007.
Merckoll, P., Jonassen, T. Ø., Vad, M. E., Jeansson, S. L., & Melby, K. K. (2009). Bacteria, biofilm and honey: a study of the effects of honey on ‘planktonic’and biofilm-embedded chronic wound bacteria. Scandinavian journal of infectious diseases, 41(5), 341-347.
Mitchell, K. B., Johnson, H. M., Rodríguez, J. M., Eglash, A., Scherzinger, C., Zakarija-Grkovic, I., ... & Academy of Breastfeeding Medicine. (2022). Academy of Breastfeeding Medicine Clinical Protocol# 36: The Mastitis Spectrum, Revised 2022. Breastfeeding Medicine, 17(5), 360-376. Chicago
Mohammadzadeh, A., Farhat, A., & Esmaeily, H. (2005). The effect of breast milk and lanolin on sore nipples. Saudi Medical Journal, 26, 1231–1234.
Morland-Schultz K, Hill PD. Prevention of and therapies for nipple pain: a systematic review. J Obstet Gynecol Neonatal Nurs. July – Aug 2005; 34(4): 428-37.
Murimi, M., Dodge, C. M., Pope, J., & Erickson, D. (2010). Factors that influence breastfeeding decisions among Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children participants from central Louisiana. Journal of the American Dietetic Association, 110, 624–627.
Naser, E. G., Nour, S. A., Gonied, A. S., & Shaban, R. E. (2017). Effect of Peppermint Water Versus Expressed Breast Milk on Nipple Trauma among Lactating Primiparous. Zagazig Nursing Journal, 13(1), 227-243.
Nayeri, S. D., Kheirkhah, M., & Janani, L. (2019). THE EFFECT OF CHAMOMILE OINTMENT ON THE HEALING OF BREASTFEEDING MOTHERS’NIPPLE SORE-A RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED CLINICAL TRIAL. Journal of Evolution of Medical and Dental Sciences, 8(17), 1399-1405.
Neto, C. M., de Albuquerque, R. S., de Souza, S. C., Giesta, R. O., Fernandes, A. P. S., & Mondin, B. (2018). Comparative study of the use of HPA lanolin and breast milk for treating pain associated with nipple trauma. Revista Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia/RBGO Gynecology and Obstetrics, 40(11), 664-672.
Neto, C., Albuquerque, R. S. D., Souza, S. C. D., Giesta, R. O., Fernandes, A. P. S., & Mondin, B. (2018). Comparative study of the use of HPA Lanolin and breast milk for treating pain associated with nipple trauma. Revista Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia, 40(11), 664-672.
Niazi, A., Rahimi, V. B., Soheili-Far, S., Askari, N., Rahmanian-Devin, P., Sanei-Far, Z., ... & Askari, V. R. (2018). A systematic review on prevention and treatment of nipple pain and fissure: are they curable?. Journal of pharmacopuncture, 21(3), 139.
Niazi, A., Yousefzadeh, S., Rakhshandeh, H., & Esmaeily, H. (2019). The Effect of nipple soreness treatment with Purslane Cream and Lanolin on Frequency and duration of Breastfeeding in nursing mothers: A Randomized Clinical Trial. Journal of Midwifery and Reproductive Health, 7(1), 1527-1535.
Oliveira, F. S., Vieira, F., Cecilio, J. O., Guimarães, J. V., & Campbell, S. H. (2020). The effectiveness on health education to prevent nipple trauma from breastfeeding: a systematic review. Revista Brasileira de Saúde Materno Infantil, 20(2), 333-345.
O’Sullivan, S., & Keith, M. P. (2011). Raynaud phenomenon of the nipple: A rare finding in rheumatology clinic. Journal of Clinical Rheumatology, 17, 371–372.
Page, Tamara et al. The Management of Nipple Pain and/or Trauma Associated with Breastfeeding. Joanna Briggs Institute; Best Practice. 2009; 13940:1-4.
Pezeshki, B., Pouredalati, M., Zolala, S., Moeindarbary, S., Kazemi, K., Rakhsha, M., ... & Razmjouei, P. (2020). Comparison of the Effect of Aloe Vera Extract, Breast Milk, Calendit-E, Curcumin, Lanolin, Olive Oil, and Purslane on Healing of Breast Fissure in Lactating Mothers: A Systematic Reviwe. International Journal of Pediatrics, 8(2), 10853-10863.
Roshan N, Rippers T, Locher C, Hammer KA. Antibacterial activity and chemical characteristics of several Western Australian honeys compared to manuka honey and pasture honey. Arch Microbiol. Oct 26. 2016.
Shanazi M, Farshbaf Khalili A, Kamalifard M, Asghari Jafarabadi M, Masoudin K, Esmaeli F. Comparison of the Effects of Lanolin, Peppermint, and Dexpanthenol Creams on Treatment of Traumatic Nipples in Breastfeeding Mothers. J Caring Sci. Dec 1;4(4):297- 307. 2015.
Sankanagoudar, Poomima et al. Effect of Therapeutic Non-Thermal Ultrasound on Postpartum Symptomatic Breast Engorgement. Indian Journal of Physiotherapy and Occupational Therapy. 2011. 5(2). Pp 108-113.
Sasaki, B. C., Pinkerton, K., & Leipelt, A. (2014). Does Lanolin Use Increase the Risk for Infection in Breastfeeding Women?. Clinical Lactation, 5(1), 28-32.
Sayyah Melli M, Rashidi MR, Delazar A, Madarek E, Kargar Maher MH, Ghasemzadeh A, Sadaghat K, Tahmasebi Z. E ect of peppermint water on prevention of nipple cracks in lactating primiparous women: a randomized controlled trial. Int Breastfeed J. Apr 19;2:7. 2007.
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